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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Lattice-Engineered Dual-Electron-Drive Electrode for Selective Ammonia Production From Nitrate.

Du Chen1,2,3, Zhongyuan Guo1,2, Jiajie Wang1,2

  • 1State Key·Laboratory of Soil·Pollution·Control and·Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel cobalt-doped iron electrode efficiently converts nitrate to ammonia, offering a sustainable alternative for fertilizer production. This method enhances energy efficiency and reduces carbon emissions in ammonia synthesis.

Keywords:
dual‐electron‐driveelectrocatalytic nitrate reductionlattice engineeringlocal alkaline microenvironmentnanoscale zero‐valent ironsustainable ammonia synthesis

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional ammonia production is energy-intensive and carbon-heavy.
  • Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3-RR) offers a sustainable route but faces kinetic and selectivity challenges under neutral conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient electrocatalyst for sustainable ammonia synthesis via nitrate reduction.
  • To overcome the limitations of slow kinetics and low selectivity in neutral environments.

Main Methods:

  • Lattice engineering to create a cobalt-doped nanoscale zerovalent iron (Co-nFe0) electrode.
  • Integration of a dual-electron-drive mechanism and a self-triggered alkaline microenvironment.
  • In situ ammonia recovery system and rice pot experiments for fertilizer application testing.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 96% ammonia Faradaic efficiency and near-quantitative selectivity across a wide nitrate concentration range (100-1000 mg L-1 NO3--N).
  • Demonstrated sustained operational stability over 360 hours with 13 g day-1 ammonia production and 100% recovery.
  • Recovered ammonium sulfate (99% purity) performed comparably to commercial fertilizers in rice pot experiments.

Conclusions:

  • The Co-nFe0 electrode effectively modulates electronic structure and interfacial microenvironment for enhanced nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.
  • This work presents a sustainable technological pathway for nitrogen upcycling and green fertilizer production.