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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Orthographic Neighbourhood Size Effects in Chinese Character Recognition: Small, Inconsistent, and Theoretically

Yixia Wang1, Peter Hendrix1, Emmanuel Keuleers1

  • 1Department of Computational Cognitive Science, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, Netherlands.

Journal of Cognition
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
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New measures for Chinese character recognition show small and inconsistent effects of orthographic neighborhood size. While Ideographic Description Sequences (IDSs) offer more precise measurements, their impact on character recognition remains minimal.

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Existing orthographic neighborhood size measures for Chinese words are coarse.
  • Ideographic Description Sequences (IDSs) offer a more precise method for measuring character similarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effect of different neighborhood size measures on Chinese character recognition.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of IDS-based measures against traditional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted, controlling for character frequency and stroke count.
  • Study 1 used conventional two-unit (semantic and phonetic) neighborhood measures.
  • Study 2 employed detailed IDS-based measures, including single-component substitution and weighted edit distance.
Keywords:
Chinese character similaritylexical decisionorthographic neighbourhood sizevisual word recognition

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Main Results:

  • Traditional semantic (N-sc) and phonetic (N-pc) neighborhood measures showed no significant effect.
  • IDS-based measures yielded mixed results, with weak inhibition (N-ch) and some facilitation (WLD-10, WND-10).
  • Overall, neighborhood size effects on character recognition were small and theoretically difficult to interpret.

Conclusions:

  • IDS-based measures, while conceptually superior, did not lead to substantially stronger neighborhood effects.
  • The impact of orthographic neighborhood size on Chinese character recognition appears to be small and inconsistent.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the role of orthographic neighborhood size in Chinese reading.