Molecular and Genetic Insights for Personalized Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a clinically heterogeneous disease, characterized by a high recurrence rate and a progression risk that are challenging to predict. Although traditional risk models based on histopathology and clinical staging are widely used, their ability to inform personalized treatment remains limited. Recent advances in molecular profiling have provided a more comprehensive understanding of NMIBC biology. This article synthesizes current evidence regarding the molecular determinants, highlighting their roles in enhancing prognostication and informing personalized therapy. Integrating these molecular insights into contemporary risk stratification frameworks is enabling treatment strategies that align with tumor biology to optimize patient outcomes.