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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Topological Phase Transition Driven by In-Plane Spin Rotation.

Xinyue Zhu¹, Yu Xie¹, Yifei Hao¹

¹School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.

|June 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to control topological states in magnetic materials using continuous spin rotation. This technique requires very small magnetic fields and ultrafast switching, offering an efficient, low-energy approach for manipulating topological states.

Keywords:

Berry curvature Chern insulator spin reorientation topological phase transition two-dimensional kagome magnet

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Phenomena

Background:

Magnetic topological insulators exhibit intrinsic coupling between magnetism and band topology.
External magnetic fields are crucial for manipulating topological states.
Conventional methods for magnetic control require large fields and lack continuous tunability.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a symmetry framework for reversible switching of topological states via continuous in-plane spin rotation.
To demonstrate a novel magnetic control mechanism for topological states.

Main Methods:

Developed a symmetry framework based on magnetic point group constraints.
Utilized a two-dimensional kagome ferromagnetic Chern insulator as a prototype.
Employed micromagnetic simulations to confirm switching dynamics.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that a 60° in-plane magnetization rotation reverses the Chern number, transitioning through a trivial state.
Showcased spin-reorientation-driven switching under exceptionally small magnetic fields.
Confirmed ultrafast switching times.

Conclusions:

Established a highly efficient, low-energy paradigm for manipulating topological states.
In-plane spin rotation offers a tunable and continuous method for controlling topological states.
This approach overcomes limitations of conventional magnetic control mechanisms.