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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Disorders.

Maria J Borja1, Akarshan Monga1, Sameer Samtani1

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Miami, 1611 Northwest 12th Avenue, West Wing 279, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune system attack on the central nervous system, presenting with altered mental status and psychiatric symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging aids diagnosis, revealing characteristic medial temporal lobe changes in limbic encephalitis.

Keywords:
Autoimmune encephalitisExtra-limbic encephalitisLimbic encephalitisMR imagingNeuroradiologyParaneoplastic encephalitis

More Related Videos

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice
10:38

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Published on: December 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) involves the immune system mistakenly targeting the central nervous system.
  • Causes include paraneoplastic or postinfectious triggers, but many cases remain idiopathic.
  • AE presents acutely with altered mental status and psychiatric symptoms, influenced by the specific autoantigen involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key features of autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To highlight the role of neuroimaging in diagnosing AE.
  • To differentiate AE from other neurological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic criteria for AE.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging findings, particularly MRI with T2 and FLAIR sequences.
  • Comparison with differential diagnoses such as infectious encephalitis and tumors.

Main Results:

  • AE exhibits diverse clinical manifestations based on the targeted autoantigen.
  • Medial temporal lobe hyperintensities on MRI are characteristic of limbic encephalitis.
  • Neuroimaging can be normal or show extralimbic involvement in AE.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis requires prompt recognition due to its potential severity.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is crucial for identifying characteristic patterns and guiding diagnosis.
  • Distinguishing AE from infectious etiologies and tumors is essential for appropriate management.