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Related Concept Videos

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods01:18

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a result, EDTA...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
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Evaluation of Lead Properties Affecting Complete Radiological Success in Transvenous Lead Extraction.

Murat Erdem Alp1, Veli Polat1, Süleyman Barutçu1

  • 1Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lead extraction success is significantly influenced by lead indwell time and device type. Shorter indwell times and specific lead properties improve complete radiological success in cardiac electronic device procedures.

Keywords:
ICD leadextractionlead indwell timepassive lead

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Devices
  • Interventional Procedures

Background:

  • Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are increasingly common.
  • Lead extraction is a growing necessity due to CIED infection and malfunction.
  • Lead indwell time is a critical factor for successful extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors influencing complete radiological success in lead extraction procedures.
  • To analyze the impact of lead indwell time and lead properties on extraction outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 192 lead extractions from 102 patients.
  • Comparison of procedures based on lead indwell time and lead properties.
  • Evaluation of complete radiological success as the primary outcome.

Main Results:

  • Complete radiological success is linked to lead indwell time and the presence of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads.
  • Success rates increased over fivefold for leads with <12 years of indwell time.
  • Complex extraction techniques may be needed for ICD leads with >12 years of indwell time.

Conclusions:

  • Prolonged lead indwell time and ICD lead presence are key determinants of extraction success and difficulty.
  • These factors guide the selection of appropriate extraction strategies.
  • Understanding these factors optimizes patient outcomes for CIED lead extraction.