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Geographical Origin Authentication of Wild Ginseng by Volatile and Non-Volatile Fingerprinting Across Growth Years
Lili Cui1, Rui Wang1, Hongying Guo1
1Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
Summary
Wild ginseng (WG) origin authentication requires accounting for growth year. Chemometric models combining volatile and non-volatile compounds can differentiate WG origins, but require year-specific analysis for accuracy.
Area of Science:
- Phytochemistry
- Chemometrics
- Analytical Chemistry
Background:
- Wild ginseng (WG) quality and composition vary by origin.
- Lack of clear chemical markers hinders origin authentication.
- Growth year confounds geographical chemical signatures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop reliable chemical criteria for wild ginseng origin authentication.
- To investigate the influence of growth year on WG chemical profiles.
- To establish a workflow for geographical traceability and quality evaluation.
Main Methods:
- Characterization of volatile and non-volatile fingerprints using HS-GC-IMS and HPLC.
- Application of Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) models.
- Ginsenoside profiling and multivariate statistical analysis.
Main Results:
- Complete origin separation of volatile fingerprints achieved using year-specific PLS-DA models.
- Identification of shared VIP markers for volatile compounds, with inconsistent origin ranking across years.
- Hierarchical candidate marker system for ginsenosides, including year-specific discriminators.
Conclusions:
- Origin and growth year interact significantly in WG chemical profiles.
- Growth-year-specific chemometric models are essential for accurate origin authentication.
- A two-step workflow (growth year determination then age-matched origin assignment) is proposed for WG traceability.
