Extended Reality (Augmented Realty, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality) in Teaching Technical Skills

This article examines the role of extended reality (XR)-including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality-in anesthesiology procedural training. XR addresses challenges in apprenticeship models by enabling immersive, repeatable, and learner-centered experiences aligned with simulation-based mastery learning and deliberate practice. Evidence supports XR's utility across diverse skills, including airway management, ultrasound, and crisis response, with benefits such as improved engagement, feedback, and accessibility. However, limitations including cost, technical constraints, and incomplete tactile fidelity persist. XR is best viewed as a complementary tool within blended curricula, with future research needed to validate its impact on skill transfer, patient outcomes, and cost-effectiveness.