Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) has transformed oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) by enabling patient-specific planning and execution of complex procedures using patient-specific surgical guides and implants. Three-dimensional computer-aided design and manufacturing have advanced the field from traditional model surgery to fully digital workflows. These technologies have significantly improved outcomes across a wide range of procedures, including orthognathic surgery, maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, temporomandibular joint surgery, trauma management, and implantology. This article reviews the historical evolution of VSP in OMFS, current major clinical applications, developments in artificial intelligence, and the limitations and future directions of virtual surgical workflows.