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[Neurogenic pulmonary edema following severe head injury--case report (author's transl)]
Abstract:
A case of severe head injury associated with fulminant pulmonary edema considered as neurogenic which developed within short time after the injury was presented. A five-year-old boy who had no previous history of cardiopulmonary disease was struck on his right frontal region by car accident at 15.30 PM on July 5 of 1979. Immediately after the impact he lost his consciousness and subsequently transferred to a local hospital where bilateral dilated pupil and flaccid paralysis of the limbs were noted. On transmission of the patient to Omuta City Hospital 30 minutes after the injury, massive foamy fluid was discharged from the tracheal tube. On admission, he was comatous, with bilateral dilated and fixed pupils and flaccid paralysis of the limbs. There was no retinal bleeding. He showed ataxic respiration with severe stridor and massive discharge of foamy fluid pinkish in colour from the trachea characteristic in pulmonary edema was significant. Chest x-ray film demonstrated perihilar densities suggesting pulmonary edema. CT scan showed extremely small ventricle on both sides without manifestations of intracranial hematomas or cerebral contusion. With an intensive medical treatments including corticosteroids, alkalizing agents and alpha-blocker were administered under controlled respiration, the discharge of edema fluid was gradually decreased and the findings on blood gases were also improved. However neurological signs were aggravated and he died 8 hours after the injury. Central venous pressure was maintained at the level between 8 to 10 cm. From these clinical findings the pulmonary edema was concluded as neurogenic. Direct or indirect injury to the hypothalamic efferent pathway at the level of lower brain stem seemed to be important as the cause of neurogenic pulmonary edema in this case. The possible pathophysiology of neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with brain stem injury and intracranial hypertension was discussed with other related literature.