Histologic characteristics of the gingiva associated with the primary and permanent teeth of children

The severity of the gingival inflammatory response to dental plaque increases with age, and it has been suggested that this phenomenon may be related to histological characteristics of the gingiva. The objective of this study was to compare the histological characteristics of the gingival tissues of primary teeth with that of permanent teeth in children. Prior to extraction, children were subjected to a period of thorough oral hygiene. Histological sections prepared from gingival biopsies were examined using the light microscope. One biopsy from each of seven primary and seven permanent teeth of 14 children, whose mean ages were 11.0 +/- 0.9 and 12.9 +/- 0.9 years respectively, was obtained. All sections exhibited clear signs of inflammation. Apical migration of the junctional epithelium onto the root surface was associated only with the primary teeth. Compared with the permanent teeth, the primary teeth were associated with a thicker junctional epithelium (P < 0.05), higher numbers of leukocytes in the connective tissue adjacent to the apical end of the junctional epithelium (P < 0.05), and a higher density of collagen fibers in the suboral epithelial connective tissue (P < 0.01). No significant differences were noted in the width of the free gingiva, thickness of the oral epithelium, or its keratinized layer. In conclusion, this study indicates significant differences in the microanatomy of the gingival tissues between primary and permanent teeth in children.