Snareing GLUT4 at the plasma membrane in muscle and fat

Explosive advances in the understanding of vesicle trafficking between intracellular compartments have occurred in recent years. These investigations inspired an attractive model for intracellular membrane transport, referred as the SNARE hypothesis. These advances have been profitably applied to one system in muscle and fat; the regulation of intracellular trafficking of the insulin-regulatable facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT4). Investigations in insulin-sensitive cell types revealed a remarkable conservation in the mechanism of vesicular transport between synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal and GLUT4-containing vesicles in muscle and fat. On the other hand, unique players in insulin-regulatable GLUT4 movement have also been clarified during this process. Thus, unveiling the molecular mechanisms regulating insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking will significantly contribute to our understanding of whole body glucose homeostasis as well as the cell biology of protein trafficking, membrane dynamics, and organelle biogenesis.