Hydrothermal-electrochemical deposition of hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite crystals were formed on a titanium electrode using the hydrothermal-electrochemical method in an autoclave with two electrodes. The electrolyte dissolving NaCl, K2HPO4, CaCl2.2H2O, trishydroxyaminomethane, and hydrochloric acid was maintained at 80 degrees - 200 degrees C. After loading of a constant current at 12.5 mA/cm2 for 1 h, the deposited amounts were measured through the weight gain of the electrode. The deposits were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission-type scanning electron microscopy, field emission-type transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The deposited amount increased with electrolyte temperatures up to 150 degrees C and slightly decreased above that temperature. The deposits were identified as hydroxyapatite crystal rods grown along the c axis and perpendicular to the substrate. The crystallinity of the deposited hydroxyapatite increased continuously with the electrolyte temperature and closed to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. At 150 degrees - 160 degrees C, the hydroxyapatite rod grew very homogeneously perpendicular to the substrate, and the edge of the needle had a flat hexagonal plane.