Surgical techniques of sacral implantation

Refinements in making surgical approaches in sacral neurostimulation less morbid and more efficient has resulted in this approach being a tenable option for those patients afflicted with idiopathic urinary urge incontinence, frequency-urgency syndrome, and nonobstructive urinary retention. Traditionally, these patients were relegated to suffering with their bladder symptoms because of the lack of options. Now, this form of therapy, although not perfect, offers hope to many. Future refinements in treatment of these patients will be multifaceted including further improvements in surgical approaches, under-standing pathophysiology, and better diagnostic tools.