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Related Concept Videos

Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process information is...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks
06:57

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Published on: August 9, 2016

[Neural substrates underlying cognitive expertise].

Satoshi Tanaka1, Takashi Hanakawa, Manabu Honda

  • 1Human Cortical Physiology Section , National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|April 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive experts achieve superior performance not through greater intelligence, but by developing unique strategies and knowledge through extensive practice. Ordinary individuals can also become experts with appropriate training and dedicated effort.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology of Expertise

Background:

  • Superior performance in cognitive experts is not linked to higher general intelligence or brain structure differences.
  • Functional neuro-imaging studies challenge the idea of increased brain activity or prefrontal cortex hyper-activity in experts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural underpinnings of cognitive expertise.
  • To determine if expert performance relies on distinct brain regions and strategies compared to non-experts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional neuro-imaging techniques to compare brain activity between cognitive experts and non-experts.
  • Analyzed behavioral data related to expert performance in memory and mental abacus tasks.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive experts engage brain areas not typically used by non-experts.
  • These unique brain regions are associated with acquired knowledge and specialized strategies developed through practice.
  • Expert performance is not explained by enhanced general intelligence or prefrontal cortex over-activity.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive expertise is built upon extensive domain-specific knowledge and the development of novel cognitive strategies.
  • Neuro-anatomical and functional brain differences observed in experts are a result of dedicated practice, not innate ability.
  • These findings suggest that expertise is attainable for ordinary individuals through appropriate training and practice.