Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test01:25

Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test

Student's t-test in Microsoft Excel is a statistical method used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are significantly different from each other. It's commonly used to evaluate hypotheses, such as testing whether a treatment has an effect compared to a control group. Excel provides built-in functions to perform t-tests, making it accessible for users needing to conduct basic statistical analysis.
To conduct a t-test in Excel, use the T.TEST function or the "Data Analysis...
Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used; instead...
Testing a Claim about Mean: Known Population SD01:11

Testing a Claim about Mean: Known Population SD

A complete procedure of testing the hypothesis about a population mean is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be distributed normally. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. The sample size needed to be higher than 30, and most importantly, the population standard deviation should be already known.
In most realistic situations, the population standard deviation is often unknown, but in rare circumstances, when it...
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation01:19

Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation

A complete procedure to test a claim about population standard deviation or population variance is explained here.
The hypothesis testing for the claim of population standard deviation (or variance) requires the data and samples to be random and unbiased. The population distribution also must be normal. There is no specific requirement on the sample size as the estimation is based on the chi-square distribution.
As a first step, the hypothesis (null and alternative) concerning the claim about...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Molecular Epidemiology of Skin-Dwelling Filariae and Risk Factors for Mansonella streptocerca Infection, Gabon.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Dutch Christian Faith Leaders Deliberating Human Germline Gene Editing: A Qualitative Study.

Journal of religion and health·2026
Same author

PROSPECT-LUNG: A National Clinical Trials Network Trial Advancing Pragmatic Innovation in Cancer Clinical Trials.

Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer·2026
Same author

Maternity care professionals' views on good counselling for prenatal anomaly screening: a qualitative inquiry.

BMC medical education·2025
Same author

Mitigating the Impact of Drug Shortages in Oncology: Lessons Learned From the 2023 Shortages of Carboplatin and Cisplatin.

Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Cancer Drugs and United States Tariffs: Attention Must Be Paid.

Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)·2025
Same journal

EDITOR'S NOTE.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2016
Same journal

Electronic medical records in long-term care.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2010
Same journal

Uncompensated care and quality assurance among rural hospitals.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2010
Same journal

Pharmaceutical counterfeiting and the RFID technology intervention.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2010
Same journal

An analysis of hospital brand mark clusters.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2010
Same journal

Risk and uncertainty.

Journal of hospital marketing & public relations·2010
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization
08:13

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Published on: May 18, 2020

Testing the mean for dependent business data.

Jiajuan Liang1, Linda Martin

  • 1Department of Management, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. jliang@newhaven.edu

Journal of Hospital Marketing & Public Relations
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new generalized F-test effectively compares population means with dependent data, overcoming limitations of the traditional F-test for survey and time-series analysis.

More Related Videos

Injection of Porcine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stroma Cells via Waterjet Technology
07:05

Injection of Porcine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stroma Cells via Waterjet Technology

Published on: November 23, 2021

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
08:27

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization
08:13

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Published on: May 18, 2020

Injection of Porcine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stroma Cells via Waterjet Technology
07:05

Injection of Porcine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stroma Cells via Waterjet Technology

Published on: November 23, 2021

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
08:27

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Statistics
  • Business Data Analysis
  • Econometrics

Background:

  • Traditional F-test in analysis of variance assumes independent data.
  • This assumption is often violated in survey and time-series data.
  • Direct application of the F-test to dependent means is problematic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a generalized F-test for comparing population means with dependent data.
  • To address the limitations of the traditional F-test in specific data contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a generalized F-test.
  • Simulation studies to evaluate the test's performance.
  • Application to real-world survey and time-series datasets.

Main Results:

  • The proposed generalized F-test exhibits a simple approximate null distribution.
  • The test demonstrates feasible finite-sample properties.
  • Successful application illustrated with two real datasets.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized F-test provides a valid method for comparing means with dependent data.
  • This method is suitable for analyzing survey and time-series data.
  • The test offers a robust alternative to the traditional F-test in specific scenarios.