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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells
10:04

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells

Published on: August 1, 2025

A robust and highly efficient immune cell reprogramming system.

Lars H Bussmann1, Alexis Schubert, Thien Phong Vu Manh

  • 1Center for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.

Cell Stem Cell
|November 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists developed a rapid B cell to macrophage reprogramming system. This efficient method allows studying cell lineage changes and gene regulation in just 2-3 days.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Tractable In Vivo Reprogramming of Tumor Cells to Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cell-like Cells
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Published on: August 1, 2025

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells
14:23

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cell lineage reprogramming is crucial for understanding cell differentiation.
  • Existing methods often lack efficiency, speed, or robustness.
  • Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate changes is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient and rapid system for B cell to macrophage lineage reprogramming.
  • To characterize the morphological, functional, and molecular changes during this reprogramming process.
  • To establish a versatile tool for studying the dynamics of cell fate conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a B cell line engineered with an estradiol-inducible form of C/EBPalpha.
  • Applied time-lapse microscopy to observe cellular morphology and migration.
  • Conducted gene expression analysis to identify transcriptional changes.
  • Performed perturbation experiments with key transcription factors.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 100% conversion of B cells to macrophage-like cells within 2-3 days.
  • Reprogrammed cells exhibited increased size, altered organelles, phagocytosis, and inflammatory responses.
  • Macrophage morphology and migratory activity were observed as early as 10 hours.
  • Thousands of genes, including transcription and chromatin-remodeling factors, were differentially regulated.
  • Reprogrammed cells became transgene-independent within 1-2 days of induction.
  • Reprogramming could be partially inhibited by manipulating B cell and macrophage transcription factors.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system provides a robust, rapid, and efficient method for B cell to macrophage lineage reprogramming.
  • This system offers a powerful tool for investigating the biochemical and biological mechanisms of cell fate plasticity.
  • The findings highlight the dynamic transcriptional changes and rapid acquisition of new cell identities during reprogramming.