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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Reconstruction of airway soft tissues in obstructive sleep apnea
B Tucker Woodson1, Peter D O'Connor
1Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. bwoodson@mcw.edu
Abstract:
Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea is multimodal. Procedures and aims of treatment vary. Surgery, medical devices, and medical therapy each may contribute to individualized patient care. There is no single procedure or intervention that "cures" upper airway obstruction. Treatment varies as the disease varies. In addition, surgical treatment varies because the level of obstruction and influence on air flow occurs at multiple levels and from many structures. This article is not intended as a critical assessment of surgical outcomes but rather focuses on airway structures and the nature of the procedures applied to influence them.
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