Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate

Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in the...
Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
The procedure begins by placing concrete into the upper hopper without any compaction. Once filled, the bottom door of this hopper is opened,...
Impact Strength of Concrete01:21

Impact Strength of Concrete

Impact strength in concrete is a critical measure that reflects the material's capability to endure the forces applied during pile driving and when supporting machinery foundations that experience impulsive loads. It is also essential when handling precast concrete components to prevent accidental damage. The impact strength is assessed by observing the concrete's resistance to repeated impacts and energy absorption capacity. A key indicator of significant damage to concrete is when it does not...
Mortar Properties01:17

Mortar Properties

Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to the...
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in ASTM C...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A dual-microneedle system for integrated continuous glucose monitoring and feedback insulin delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Tiger Tongue-Inspired Bionic Microneedle Patch With Dual Mechanical-Pharmacological Functions for Enhanced Wound Healing.

Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A·2026
Same author

Unilateral Extrapedicular Percutaneous Kyphoplasty Combined with 6-Screw Fixation to Treat Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture.

World neurosurgery·2026
Same author

96-Channel on-chip reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer for multidimensional multiplexing systems.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)·2024
Same author

Digitized subwavelength surface structure on silicon platform for wavelength-/polarization-/charge-diverse optical vortex generation.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)·2024
Same author

Tale of Two Polymorphs: Investigating the Structural Differences and Dynamic Relationship between Nirmatrelvir Solid Forms (Paxlovid).

Molecular pharmaceutics·2024
Same journal

Immune tolerance platforms to mitigate unwanted immune responses.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Green, renewable, or low-carbon? A framework for informed solvent selection in pharmaceutical sciences.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Theranostic potential of ramucirumab functionalized magnetoliposomes for targeted delivery of sorafenib and MRI.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Intranasal mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of ranolazine: Formulation, design, and pharmacokinetic evaluation.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

Evolving landscape of drug development for pediatric rare diseases-from successes to strategies for addressing unmet needs.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
Same journal

A mathematical framework for predicting tablet weight variability from blend particle size distribution and tooling geometry.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation
08:21

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

Published on: November 22, 2016

Correlating particle hardness with powder compaction performance.

Xiaoping Cao1, Mikayla Morganti, Bruno C Hancock

  • 1Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA. xiaoping.cao@pfizer.com

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|March 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation quickly assesses pharmaceutical material properties. Medium particle hardness correlates with good powder compaction, aiding early drug development screening.

More Related Videos

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
10:36

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation
08:21

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

Published on: November 22, 2016

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
10:36

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Early-stage pharmaceutical research requires rapid assessment of material mechanical properties using minimal sample amounts.
  • Understanding particle-level mechanical characteristics is crucial for predicting bulk material behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical properties of various pharmaceutical materials using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation.
  • To establish a correlation between individual particle hardness and powder compaction performance.
  • To validate and expand upon existing concepts linking particle hardness to compaction behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation to measure particle hardness and elastic modulus.
  • Evaluated powder compact mechanical properties for a range of pharmaceutical materials.
  • Correlated particle-level mechanical data with macroscopic powder compaction performance.

Main Results:

  • Generated extensive data on particle hardness and elastic modulus for diverse pharmaceutical materials.
  • Identified a trend where materials with very low or very high particle hardness exhibit poor compaction.
  • Observed that materials with medium particle hardness generally demonstrate good compaction behavior.
  • Results supported and extended Hiestand's special case concept regarding particle hardness and compaction.

Conclusions:

  • AFM nanoindentation is an effective technique for screening pharmaceutical material mechanical properties in early development.
  • Particle hardness is a key predictor of powder compaction performance.
  • The findings provide valuable insights for material selection and process optimization in pharmaceutical formulation.