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Related Concept Videos

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions01:11

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing vector...
Relative Motion Analysis - Velocity01:24

Relative Motion Analysis - Velocity

A stroke engine has a slider-crank mechanism that converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider.
When an external force is exerted, it sets the crank into a rotational movement. This, in turn, instigates the motion of the connecting rod, leading to what is referred to as a general plane motion. This process involves two key points - point A on the connecting rod...
Velocity and Position by Graphical Method01:34

Velocity and Position by Graphical Method

Velocity and position can be calculated from the known function of acceleration as a function of time. The total area under the acceleration-time graph and the velocity-time graph gives the change in velocity and position, respectively. In the case of an airplane, its acceleration is tracked using the inertial navigation system. The pilot provides the input of the airplane's initial position and velocity before takeoff. The inertial navigation system then uses the acceleration data to calculate...
Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
Instantaneous Velocity - II01:10

Instantaneous Velocity - II

Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity of an object is the limit of the average velocity as the elapsed time approaches zero, or the derivative of displacement with respect to time. Like average velocity, the instantaneous velocity is a vector with the dimensions of length per unit time. Instantaneous velocity can have both positive and negative values. The instantaneous velocity can be...
Average and Instantaneous Velocity Vectors01:12

Average and Instantaneous Velocity Vectors

To calculate other physical quantities in kinematics, the time variable must be introduced. The time variable not only allows us to state where an object is (its position) during its motion, but also how fast it’s moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position, a particular time is assigned. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity v. This...

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Related Experiment Video

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High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
11:59

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Published on: June 24, 2013

Time-resolved absolute velocity quantification with projections.

Michael C Langham1, Varsha Jain, Jeremy F Magland

  • 1Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|August 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new rapid, nontriggered MRI method quantifies femoral artery blood velocity. This technique overcomes limitations of traditional methods, offering accurate and reproducible measurements for peripheral arterial disease assessment.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Quantitative time-resolved blood velocity in the femoral/popliteal artery aids peripheral arterial disease (PAD) diagnosis.
  • Conventional cardiac-gated velocity-encoded MRI methods suffer from gating errors and long acquisition times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a rapid, nontriggered MRI technique for quantifying time-resolved arterial blood velocity.
  • To assess the performance, reproducibility, and clinical feasibility of this novel method.

Main Methods:

  • A rapid, nontriggered method using phase difference between successive velocity-encoded projections was developed.
  • Background static tissue signal was removed using a reference image with k-space center line isolation.
  • Performance was evaluated using a variable-flow phantom and in vivo studies in healthy subjects and PAD patients at 3 T.

Main Results:

  • Velocity measurements showed high agreement (within 1.5 cm/s) and reproducibility (CV < 5%) in phantom and in vivo studies.
  • Comparison with gated phase contrast-MRI in healthy subjects revealed small differences in peak velocities (within 1 cm/s) and temporal location (within 10 ms).
  • The method successfully identified hemodynamic abnormalities in a diseased femoral artery.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed rapid, nontriggered MRI method provides accurate, reproducible, time-resolved arterial velocity measurements with a temporal resolution of 20 ms.
  • This technique offers a faster and more robust alternative to conventional gated MRI for assessing hemodynamics in PAD.
  • Minimal post-processing requirements enhance its clinical utility.