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Updated: May 25, 2026

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography in Virology: 3D Imaging of High-pressure Frozen, Freeze-substituted Samples
Published on: August 6, 2025
Optical coherence tomography-based freeze-drying microscopy
Mircea Mujat1, Kristyn Greco, Kristin L Galbally-Kinney
1Physical Sciences, Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, MA 01810, USA. mujat@psicorp.com
Abstract:
A new type of freeze-drying microscope based upon time-domain optical coherence tomography is presented here (OCT-FDM). The microscope allows for real-time, in situ 3D imaging of pharmaceutical formulations in vials relevant for manufacturing processes with a lateral resolution of <7 μm and an axial resolution of <5 μm. Correlation of volumetric structural imaging with product temperature measured during the freeze-drying cycle allowed investigation of structural changes in the product and determination of the temperature at which the freeze-dried cake collapses. This critical temperature is the most important parameter in designing freeze-drying processes of pharmaceutical products.
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