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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

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The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
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Updated: May 23, 2026

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery
07:02

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Published on: September 5, 2018

Chemical shift-induced phase errors in phase-contrast MRI.

Matthew J Middione1, Daniel B Ennis

  • 1Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perivascular fat causes chemical shift errors in phase-contrast MRI flow measurements. Using high bandwidth and in-phase echo time (high BW-TE(IN)) minimizes these errors, improving flow quantification accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Cardiovascular Imaging

Background:

  • Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is crucial for quantifying blood flow.
  • Measurement errors in PC-MRI can reduce clinical confidence in diagnostic results.
  • Stationary perivascular fat is an identified source of significant error in PC-MRI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stationary perivascular fat on PC-MRI measurements.
  • To identify methods for minimizing chemical shift-induced phase errors caused by perivascular fat.
  • To validate findings through computational simulations, in vitro, and in vivo experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Computational simulations were used to model chemical shift effects.
  • In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess error sources.
  • Phase-contrast MRI parameters, specifically receiver bandwidth and echo time (TE), were systematically varied.
  • Healthy volunteers (N=10) underwent imaging with different parameter settings.

Main Results:

  • Stationary perivascular fat introduces a chemical shift-induced phase error that does not cancel out in phase difference processing.
  • High receiver bandwidth (814 Hz/px) and an in-phase echo time (TE(IN)) were found to minimize these errors.
  • In vivo studies demonstrated significantly improved intrapatient net forward flow agreement with high BW-TE(IN) compared to low bandwidth and mid-phase TE (P < 0.05 for all measured vessels).

Conclusions:

  • Chemical shift artifacts from perivascular fat are a significant source of error in PC-MRI.
  • Optimizing PC-MRI parameters, specifically using high bandwidth and an in-phase TE, effectively minimizes these artifacts.
  • This optimization improves the accuracy and reliability of blood flow quantification in clinical applications.