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Related Concept Videos

Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities01:22

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Tidal volume is the air breathed in and out during normal, quiet breathing. Inspiratory reserve volume is the air that can be forcefully inspired beyond the tidal volume. In contrast, expiratory reserve volume refers to the air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal...
Respiratory Volumes01:15

Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
Tidal Volume (TV) Tidal volume (TV) is the air inhaled or exhaled in a...
Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
Respiratory Capacities01:24

Respiratory Capacities

Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
06:11

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults

Published on: February 9, 2022

Lung function at age 18-25 years: a comparison of different reference value systems.

E Marek1, J Volke, H-J Smith

  • 1Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. eike.marek@rub.de

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Updated anthropometric data necessitate re-evaluating lung function reference values. The SAPALDIA reference values for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) are recommended for young adults aged 18-26.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
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Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship

Published on: January 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary physiology
  • Anthropometry
  • Public health

Background:

  • Caucasian population anthropometry has changed significantly over 50 years.
  • European Community for Coal and Steel (ECCS) reference values for lung function assume a plateau at 25 years.
  • Current ECCS recommendations may not accurately reflect contemporary lung function in young adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the validity of current lung function reference values (ECCS, SAPALDIA, LuftiBus, Bochum) for young adults.
  • To compare spirometric lung function test results with established reference standards.
  • To determine the most appropriate reference values for lung function in individuals aged 18-26.

Main Methods:

  • Standardized spirometric lung function tests using pneumotachography (MasterScreen Pneumo).
  • Testing performed on asymptomatic, non-smoking Caucasian subjects (202 females, 201 males) aged 18-26.
  • Comparison of measured lung volumes and flows against ECCS, SAPALDIA, LuftiBus, and Bochum reference values.

Main Results:

  • Absolute lung function values (FVC, FEV1) correlated with height (p<0.05).
  • SAPALDIA and Bochum reference values for FVC and FEV1 closely approximated measured values (97.6-101.4%pred).
  • ECCS and LuftiBus values were higher (103.6-109.9%pred), while lung flow variability was significant across systems (77.1-114.6%pred).

Conclusions:

  • SAPALDIA reference values are recommended for FVC and FEV1 in young adults (18-26 years).
  • ECCS and LuftiBus reference values are less accurate, being 4-10% lower than observed lung function.
  • Differences in FEV1/FVC ratio and lung flows between reference systems were less pronounced.