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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association.

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2017 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

Translating the research in insulin injection technique: implications for practice.

Rita Saltiel-Berzin1, Marjorie Cypress2, Michael Gibney1

  • 1BD Medical–Diabetes Care, Department of Medical Affairs, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Ms Saltiel-Berzin and Mr Gibney)

The Diabetes Educator
|August 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Proper insulin injection technique is crucial for managing glucose variability and improving glycemic control. This review highlights key factors like needle choice and site rotation to optimize insulin absorption and diabetes self-management.

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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
05:52

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Published on: June 30, 2011

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

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Published on: June 11, 2012

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

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Published on: April 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Management
  • Patient Education

Background:

  • Suboptimal glycemic control is frequent in patients using insulin injection therapies.
  • Injection technique significantly impacts insulin absorption, blood glucose levels, and patient comfort.
  • Factors include needle characteristics, body mass index, skin properties, insulin preparation, and injection site practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and past research on insulin injection therapy.
  • To provide practical, translational information on injection technique and learning strategies.
  • To discuss implications for diabetes self-management education and support.

Main Methods:

  • Evidence-based review of existing research on insulin injection techniques.
  • Analysis of international injection recommendations.
  • Integration of teaching/learning theories relevant to medication administration.

Main Results:

  • Research indicates shorter needles may be suitable for most patients, irrespective of BMI.
  • Proper resuspension of cloudy insulins and rotation of injection sites are critical.
  • Lipohypertrophy is a common issue requiring regular inspection and management.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes educators must reassess and refine instruction methods for insulin and other injectable medications.
  • Periodic reassessment of injection technique and site condition is essential.
  • An injection checklist is provided to aid educators in guiding patients.