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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Amperometry: Overview01:10

Amperometry: Overview

Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice
03:25

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: February 24, 2023

Continuous glucose monitors: current status and future developments.

Jennifer E Lane1, Joseph P Shivers, Howard Zisser

  • 1Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|February 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) offer improved diabetes management and glycemic control. While beneficial for many, optimal use varies by individual factors, with ongoing research enhancing future systems.

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Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

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Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice
03:25

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Published on: February 24, 2023

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation
13:42

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

Published on: September 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Technology
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Diabetes management technology has advanced, offering patients enhanced precision and flexibility.
  • Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are increasingly studied for their role in improving glycemic control and reducing diabetes self-management burdens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on continuous glucose monitors (CGMs).
  • To identify patient populations who benefit most from CGM use.
  • To assess the accuracy and reliability of current and future CGM systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on CGM technology and application.
  • Analysis of factors influencing CGM benefits (age, diabetes type, pregnancy, health status).
  • Evaluation of CGM performance in diverse patient groups, including critically ill and type 2 diabetes patients.

Main Results:

  • CGMs demonstrate effectiveness in tightening glycemic control and easing diabetes self-management.
  • Benefits of CGM use are influenced by individual patient characteristics.
  • Accuracy and reliability are crucial for current CGM applications and future automated insulin delivery systems.

Conclusions:

  • CGM use promotes safer and more effective glycemic control compared to traditional blood glucose monitoring.
  • Challenges remain in specific scenarios like hypoglycemia and in certain populations, such as young children.
  • Advancements in sensor technology and calibration software are expected to improve future CGM systems.