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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
The simpler quadrants approach, which is more commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one horizontal and one vertical line that intersects at the patient's umbilicus (navel). The four quadrants...
Body Planes01:06

Body Planes

Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Teleoperated Robotic System-Assisted Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation Technique
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A Teleoperated Robotic System-Assisted Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation Technique

Published on: January 6, 2023

Sagittal spinal pelvic alignment.

Eric Klineberg1, Frank Schwab, Justin S Smith

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. eric.klineberg@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining horizontal gaze requires spinal compensation for sagittal malalignment. Pelvic incidence influences lumbar lordosis, and pelvic tilt can compensate for reduced lordosis, preventing surgical under-correction and poor outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanical analysis

Background:

  • Ambulatory patients strive for energy-efficient horizontal gaze.
  • Sagittal malalignment necessitates significant compensatory mechanisms.
  • Pelvic incidence is a key morphometric parameter influencing spinal alignment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of spinopelvic compensatory mechanisms in sagittal malalignment.
  • To underscore the role of pelvic incidence in determining required lumbar lordosis.
  • To emphasize the consequences of underappreciating these mechanisms in surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of spinopelvic parameters and their relationship to sagittal alignment.
  • Evaluation of compensatory mechanisms such as pelvic tilt and sacral slope.
  • Review of surgical outcomes related to sagittal malalignment correction.

Main Results:

  • Pelvic incidence dictates the necessary lumbar lordosis.
  • Pelvic retroversion, increased pelvic tilt, and decreased sacral slope can compensate for reduced lumbar lordosis.
  • Failure to account for these mechanisms leads to under-correction and iatrogenic flat back.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding spinopelvic compensatory mechanisms is crucial for successful surgical correction of sagittal malalignment.
  • Appreciation of pelvic incidence and its influence on pelvic tilt is vital.
  • Proper consideration of these factors improves clinical outcomes and prevents iatrogenic deformities.