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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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[Psychomodulating activity of phenotropil in experimental hyperthyroidism].

I N Tiurenkov, M A Samotrueva, S V Priluchnyĭ

    Eksperimental'Naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia
    |June 15, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Phenotropil normalizes immune responses and improves the emotional state in a hyperthyroidism model. This psychoimmunomodulating drug restores behavior and immunoreactivity in affected animals.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Immunology
    • Endocrinology

    Context:

    • Experimental hyperthyroidism is characterized by significant psycho-emotional and immunoreactivity disturbances.
    • Investigating novel therapeutic agents for hyperthyroidism-induced neurological and immunological deficits is crucial.

    Purpose:

    • To evaluate the psychoimmunomodulating effects of phenotropil in a rat model of experimental hyperthyroidism.
    • To assess phenotropil's capacity to restore cellular and humoral immunoreactivity and improve the psycho-emotional state.

    Summary:

    • Phenotropil administration (14-day i.p. injection, 25 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated hyperthyroidism-induced behavioral changes in rats.
    • The drug effectively restored both cellular and humoral immunoreactivity, indicating a broad immunomodulatory action.
    • These findings suggest phenotropil's potential as a therapeutic agent for conditions involving both thyroid dysfunction and immune dysregulation.

    Impact:

    • This study highlights phenotropil as a promising agent for managing the complex neurological and immunological consequences of hyperthyroidism.
    • Provides a basis for further research into phenotropil's mechanisms of action in psychoimmunomodulation.
    • Offers potential therapeutic strategies for patients experiencing mood and immune system alterations due to thyroid disorders.