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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Base-pairing and DNA Repair02:27

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
08:48

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

Sperm DNA fragmentation and base oxidation.

Sheena E M Lewis1

  • 1Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Room 0017, Ground Floor, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, s.e.lewis@qub.ac.uk.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sperm DNA damage is a better indicator of male fertility and assisted reproductive treatment (ART) success than traditional semen analysis. Routine testing can improve ART outcomes.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
08:48

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts
10:55

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts

Published on: November 5, 2012

U-Shaped Horizontal Swimming Technique for Preparing High-Quality Sperm with Low DNA Fragmentation Index
09:16

U-Shaped Horizontal Swimming Technique for Preparing High-Quality Sperm with Low DNA Fragmentation Index

Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Andrology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sperm DNA damage is linked to reduced fertilization, poor embryo quality, and lower pregnancy rates.
  • It is also associated with increased miscarriage and childhood disease risks.
  • Sperm DNA damage is a more robust biomarker than conventional semen parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current laboratory tests for sperm DNA damage.
  • To explore the relationship between sperm DNA damage and clinical fertility outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic tests for sperm DNA damage.
  • Analysis of studies correlating sperm DNA damage with fertility and ART outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Sperm DNA damage is a significant factor affecting fertility.
  • Established laboratory tests can quantify sperm DNA damage.
  • Damage levels correlate with various fertility checkpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Sperm DNA damage is a crucial indicator of semen quality.
  • Integrating sperm DNA damage testing into routine fertility assessments can enhance ART success rates.