The effect of nanoparticle uptake on cellular behavior: disrupting or enabling functions?

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Nanotechnology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physicochemical properties, driving their use in diagnostics, imaging, and drug delivery, particularly in cancer therapy.
• Despite advancements, achieving specific targeting for improved NP delivery remains a significant challenge in biomedical applications.
• The mechanisms of NP cellular uptake are critical for understanding their biological fate and impact.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review cell mechanisms perturbed by nanoparticle-cell interactions.
• To highlight the active role nanoparticles play in mediating biological effects beyond simple carrier functions.
• To emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of NP-cell interactions for safe and effective biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of published data on nanoparticle-cell interactions.
• Analysis of studies investigating cellular uptake mechanisms of nanoparticles.
• Synthesis of current understanding regarding the biological effects of nanoparticle exposure.

Main Results:

• Nanoparticle-cell interactions influence NP fate and biological impact.
• Even sublethal doses of nanoparticles can elicit cellular responses.
• Nanoparticles are not merely passive carriers but actively mediate biological effects.

Conclusions:

• Understanding cell mechanisms affected by NP interaction is crucial.
• Nanoparticles actively influence biological systems, necessitating a shift from viewing them solely as carriers.
• Further research into NP-cell interactions is vital for advancing nanomedicine and mitigating potential risks.