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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: October 2, 2015

Image-guided deep brain stimulation.

Rafael A Vega¹, Kathryn L Holloway, Paul S Larson

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 417 North 11th Street, PO Box 980631, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America

|November 23, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery advances utilize stereotactic targeting for precise track localization during awake procedures. Image guidance aids both awake and general anesthesia approaches, improving outcomes and reducing reoperations.

Keywords:

Computed tomography Deep brain stimulation Functional neurosurgery Intraoperative imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Movement disorders Stereotactic surgery Target localization

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

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Published on: October 2, 2015

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Published on: March 23, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Medical Imaging
Neurology

Background:

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes within specific brain areas.
Advances in DBS surgery have focused on improving targeting accuracy and minimizing invasiveness.
Stereotactic targeting and intraoperative monitoring are key techniques in current DBS procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the utility of image guidance in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.
To compare awake surgery with stereotactic targeting versus general anesthesia with an anatomic approach.
To highlight how intraoperative track detection and imaging modalities enhance surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of image guidance techniques in DBS surgery.
Description of stereotactic targeting and intraoperative track detection in awake DBS.
Discussion of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for lead placement under general anesthesia.

Main Results:

Intraoperative track detection in awake DBS aids physiologic interpretation, reduces brain penetrations, and lowers reoperation rates.
CT and MRI are useful for anatomic lead placement under general anesthesia.
Image guidance is beneficial for both awake and general anesthesia DBS approaches.

Conclusions:

Image guidance is a valuable tool in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, enhancing precision and patient safety.
Both awake surgery with physiologic monitoring and general anesthesia with anatomic targeting benefit from image guidance.
The integration of imaging technologies improves the overall efficacy and efficiency of DBS procedures.