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Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

23.7K
Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
1.9K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.5K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

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1.4K
Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
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Accountability and values in radically collaborative research.

Eric Winsberg, Bryce Huebner, Rebecca Kukla

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    Scientific collaborations face accountability issues when massively distributed. Social models of epistemic collaboration, accounting for conflicting interests, are crucial for establishing accountability in complex research networks.

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    Area of Science:

    • Philosophy of Science
    • Sociology of Science
    • Research Ethics

    Background:

    • Modern scientific research increasingly involves large, distributed collaborations.
    • Traditional accountability frameworks struggle with the complexity of massively distributed epistemic collaborations.
    • The distribution of knowledge and tasks raises challenges for assigning responsibility.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the crisis of accountability in massively distributed scientific collaborations.
    • To propose the necessity of social models for epistemic collaboration.
    • To explore how conflicting interests and values impact accountability in research.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of accountability in distributed epistemic networks.
    • Drawing parallels with Patrick Suppes' "model of the experiment."
    • Developing a framework for social models that incorporate agent interests and values.

    Main Results:

    • Social models of epistemic collaboration are essential for accountability.
    • These models must account for ineliminable, messy, and conflicting agent interests and values.
    • The methodological and epistemic effects of these interests and values are critical components of accountability.

    Conclusions:

    • Accountability in massively distributed collaborations requires robust social models.
    • Integrating models of agent interests and values is key to understanding epistemic effects.
    • Future frameworks for research ethics must address the complexities of distributed scientific endeavors.