Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

1.3K
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
1.3K
Encoding01:19

Encoding

1.0K
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
1.0K
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

9.0K
Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
9.0K
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

914
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
914
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

793
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
793
Sensory Memory01:14

Sensory Memory

979
Sensory memory captures information from the environment in its original form for a very brief duration, just long enough to be exposed to visual, auditory, and other senses. This type of memory is detailed and rich but quickly lost unless certain strategies are employed to transfer it into short-term or long-term memory. Sensory information is continuously bombarding the human brain, yet only a small fraction is absorbed, as most of it does not significantly impact daily life. For instance,...
979

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanic evaluation of Jisheng Shenqi Wan on calcium oxalate kidney stones: an integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics.

Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan·2026
Same author

SIRT1 Inhibits T Cell Infiltration and Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation to Promote Radioimmunotherapy Resistance.

Cancer research·2026
Same author

Morroniside maintains mitochondrial homeostasis in microglia and mitigates neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology·2026
Same author

Exclusive enteral nutrition and the risk of nonsurgical readmission in patients with Crohn's disease-related intra-abdominal abscess: A retrospective cohort study.

JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition·2026
Same author

Multi omics analysis reveals senescence associated genes in metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis related liver cancer and their functional validation.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026
Same author

G3BP2-K76 acetylation promotes tumor immunoescape by stabilizing PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer.

Cell communication and signaling : CCS·2026
Same journal

Error Cancellation During Early Task Performance.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same journal

Test Format Matching Moderates the Forward Testing Effect.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same journal

Affective-Motivational Task Content and Stimulus Size Modulate Cognitive Control in Task Switching.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same journal

The Effect of Violent Virtual Avatar Experience on Players' Response Inhibition to Angry Expressions and Its Cognitive Neural Mechanisms.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same journal

Same Person, Different Personality?

Experimental psychology·2026
Same journal

Competition Matters!

Experimental psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

1.8K

Is elapsing time really recoded into spatial linear representation in working memory?

Xianfeng Ding1, Xiaorong Cheng1, Zhao Fan1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, <location>Wuhan, P.R. China</location> School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU), <location>Wuhan, P.R. China</location> Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, <location>Wuhan, P.R. China</location>

Experimental Psychology
|October 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that elapsing time is directly converted into a spatial representation in working memory. Early stimuli are associated with left responses, and late stimuli with right responses, supporting this time-to-space recoding hypothesis.

Keywords:
STARC effectelapsing timemental time lineworking memory

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.7K
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills
09:27

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

1.8K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.7K
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills
09:27

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Evidence suggests a link between time perception and spatial representation, exemplified by the Spatial Temporal Association of Response Codes (STARC) effect.
  • Previous research has not definitively confirmed if time is directly encoded into a linear spatial format within working memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether elapsing time is directly and automatically recoded into a spatial linear representation in working memory.
  • To test the hypothesis using modified STARC-related working memory paradigms.

Main Methods:

  • Employed three modified STARC-related working memory tasks.
  • Participants performed order judgment, order-irrelevant short-term memory (STM) recognition, and motor-related free-choice judgments.
  • Stimuli were presented successively, followed by immediate task responses.

Main Results:

  • Responses to earlier presented stimuli were faster and/or more frequent with the left response key.
  • Responses to later presented stimuli showed a bias towards the right response key.
  • Behavioral data indicated a consistent left-right spatial mapping for temporal information.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that elapsing time is directly recoded into a spatial linear representation in working memory.
  • This time-to-space recoding appears to be an automatic process during cognitive tasks.
  • The study clarifies the nature of temporal processing within human working memory.