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Is anaphoric reference cooperative?

Leila Kantola1, Roger P G van Gompel2

  • 1a Department of Language Studies , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Speakers adjust their language when addressing someone, using more pronouns and fewer repeated nouns, especially when visual cues are present. Linguistic factors influence reference choice regardless of an addressee.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Anaphoric expressions are crucial for coherent discourse.
  • Understanding factors influencing anaphoric reference choice is key to language production theories.
  • The role of the addressee in shaping linguistic output is an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of an addressee's presence on anaphoric expression choice.
  • To differentiate the effects of linguistic versus visual context on reference production.
  • To determine if addressee-driven adjustments are specific to certain contextual factors.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving participants describing target scenes requiring anaphoric reference.
  • Participants described scenes either with or without a present addressee.
  • Linguistic and visual context manipulations were employed, including the presence of competitors.

Main Results:

  • When an addressee was present, speakers used more pronouns and fewer repeated noun phrases for subject referents compared to object referents.
  • Visual competitors decreased pronoun use, indicating an adjustment for the addressee.
  • Linguistic context effects on anaphoric choice persisted regardless of the addressee's presence, but visual effects were addressee-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Visual salience effects in anaphora resolution are likely driven by speaker adjustments made specifically for an addressee.
  • Linguistic salience effects appear to be more fundamental, influencing reference production irrespective of addressee presence.
  • This research highlights the interplay between social cognition and language production in real-time communication.