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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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The microRNA Machinery.

Thomas C Roberts1,2

  • 1Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. troberts@sbpdiscovery.org.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. The miRNA machinery involves protein complexes for processing, maturation, and target silencing, impacting numerous cellular functions.

Keywords:
AGO2ArgonauteDGCR8DICER1DicerDroshaExportin-5XPO5microRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNA molecules (~22 nucleotides) involved in gene regulation.
  • They function at the post-transcriptional level, primarily through negative gene expression regulation.
  • miRNAs are implicated in diverse cellular functions and various pathophysiological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular machinery and multi-step process of miRNA biogenesis and function.
  • To detail the roles of key protein complexes in miRNA pathway.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on miRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Analysis of the protein complexes involved in the miRNA pathway.
  • Description of the sequential steps from primary transcript to gene silencing.

Main Results:

  • The miRNA machinery involves sequential protein complex actions: precursor cleavage (DROSHA/DGCR8), nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking (XPO5), hairpin loop removal (DICER1), RISC loading (AGO2), target recognition, and gene silencing.
  • Each step is critical for the generation and function of mature, active miRNAs.
  • The process culminates in the silencing of target gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • The miRNA pathway is a complex, multi-protein process essential for gene regulation.
  • Understanding this machinery is key to comprehending cellular homeostasis and disease.
  • miRNAs represent a significant layer of post-transcriptional gene control.