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Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers01:00

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

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Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer structure. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, polypropylene is a homopolymer constituted of propylene monomers. Here, the only repeating unit in the polymer chain is propylene.
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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
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Fluorinated Polyurethanes, Synthesis and Properties.

Olga Smirnova1, Alexey Glazkov2, Alexander Yarosh3

  • 1N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russian. smirnova@ioc.ac.ru.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New fluorinated polyurethanes exhibit exceptionally low glass transition temperatures, reaching -139 °C. These advanced materials also show good thermal stability, with decomposition onset temperatures between 247-330 °C.

Keywords:
aromatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanatesdecomposition temperaturefluorinated alcoholsfluorinated polyurethanesglass transition temperature

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polyurethanes are versatile polymers with broad applications.
  • Developing polyurethanes with enhanced properties, such as low-temperature flexibility and thermal stability, is crucial for advanced material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel fluorinated polyurethanes.
  • To characterize the thermal properties, specifically glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition onset temperature, of the synthesized fluorinated polyurethanes.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of fluorinated polyurethanes via the reaction of fluorinated alcohols with aromatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates.
  • Synthesis conducted in solution or melt conditions.
  • Thermal properties analyzed using techniques to determine glass transition temperature and decomposition onset temperature.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized fluorinated polyurethanes.
  • Achieved exceptionally low glass transition temperatures as low as -139 °C.
  • Observed good thermal stability with decomposition onset temperatures ranging from 247 °C to 330 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorinated polyurethanes can be synthesized with significantly depressed glass transition temperatures.
  • The synthesized materials offer a promising combination of extreme low-temperature flexibility and considerable thermal stability.
  • These findings open avenues for polyurethanes in demanding low-temperature environments.