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What Constitutes High-Quality Implementation of SEL Programs? A Latent Class Analysis of Second Step® Implementation
Sabina Low1, Keith Smolkowski2, Clay Cook3
1Arizona State University, P.O Box 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. sabina.low@asu.edu.
High-quality social-emotional learning (SEL) implementation matters for student success. A study found that low student engagement, not low adherence, was linked to poorer outcomes in SEL programs.
Area of Science:
- Education
- Psychology
- Implementation Science
Background:
- Schools increasingly adopt social-emotional learning (SEL) programs.
- Effective implementation is crucial for desired SEL outcomes.
- Limited understanding exists regarding specific, impactful implementation factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify distinct implementation patterns in SEL programs.
- To investigate the relationship between these patterns and student outcomes.
- To inform SEL program development and implementation strategies.
Main Methods:
- Latent class analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of the Second Step® program.
- Teacher-reported data on implementation (adherence, dosage, competency) and student outcomes.
- Observational data on classroom behavior (academic engagement, disruptive behavior).
Main Results:
- A three-class model of implementation emerged: high-quality, low-engagement, and low-adherence.
- The low-engagement class was significantly associated with poorer student outcomes compared to the high-quality class.
- No significant difference in outcomes was found between the high-quality and low-adherence classes.
Conclusions:
- Student engagement during SEL program implementation is a critical factor for success.
- Implementation science needs to focus on specific, actionable components like engagement.
- Findings offer insights for optimizing SEL program delivery and effectiveness.
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