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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s...
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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

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Electrochemical ammonia compression.

Ye Tao1, William Gibbons, Yunho Hwang

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. cswang@umd.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical ammonia compression is now possible using hydrogen as a carrier gas and a proton exchange membrane, achieving high efficiency and avoiding decomposition for energy savings.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Mechanical compression of ammonia is energy-intensive, with efficiencies around 65%.
  • Electrochemical compression offers higher efficiency (93%) but faces challenges due to ammonia decomposition at high potentials.
  • Previous concepts for co-compressing ammonia with a carrier gas were not experimentally validated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of electrochemical ammonia compression.
  • To investigate ammonia transfer mechanisms in a proton exchange membrane.
  • To achieve energy savings through efficient ammonia compression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a proton exchange membrane (Nafion) as an NH4+ conductor.
  • Employed hydrogen as a carrier gas to prevent ammonia decomposition.
  • Employed electro-analytical methods to study ammonia transfer and kinetics.
  • Conducted continuous electrochemical ammonia compression experiments.

Main Results:

  • Successfully achieved continuous electrochemical ammonia compression at 200 mV for 7 hours with stable current density.
  • Demonstrated high NH4+ conductivity (4 × 10-2 S cm-1) in Nafion at 50% RH and 70 °C.
  • Confirmed a stable 2:1 transfer ratio between NH3 and H2, ensuring a high compression rate.

Conclusions:

  • Electrochemical compression of ammonia is viable using a proton exchange membrane and hydrogen carrier gas.
  • The developed method offers a pathway to substantial energy savings in ammonia handling.
  • The study validates the concept and provides insights into the mechanism for efficient ammonia transfer.