Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Molecular Shape and Polarity

Dipole Moment of a Molecule

Group Polarization

Group Polarization

Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

AI-Assisted segmentation and volumetric reconstruction of radiographs through multi-angular scintillation imaging.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Event-Driven Neuromorphic Gaze Decoding via e-Skin Electrooculography.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Gate-Localized Fluorination Enables Enhancement-Mode AlGaN/GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistors.

ACS applied electronic materials·2026

Same author

Forensic Lab-on-a-Disc for enhanced sperm cell purification in differential extraction workflows.

Forensic science international. Genetics·2026

Same author

Gate structuring on n-type bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> field-effect transistors for ultrahigh current density.

Nature materials·2026

Same author

Single-crystalline BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-based ferroelectric capacitive memory via membrane transfer.

Science advances·2025

Same journal

Publisher Correction: Ultralow-voltage electrochemical organic light-emitting transistors with pinned and wide lateral recombination.

Nature materials·2026

Same journal

High-Chern-number orbital magnetism in twisted rhombohedral graphene.

Nature materials·2026

Same journal

Programming local confinements in crystalline frameworks through reticular chemistry.

Nature materials·2026

Same journal

Single-crystal-like polymer semiconductors via self-templated gradient assembly for ultrahigh charge carrier mobility.

Nature materials·2026

Same journal

Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in moiré fractional Chern insulators.

Nature materials·2026

Same journal

Excitons in van der Waals magnetic materials.

Nature materials·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

Published on: January 5, 2019

Polarity governs atomic interaction through two-dimensional materials.

Wei Kong¹, Huashan Li^2,3, Kuan Qiao¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Nature Materials

|October 10, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Remote atomic interactions through 2D materials depend on bond polarity. Graphene screens covalent bonds but allows ionic bonds to penetrate, enabling new material growth and heterointegration.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Published on: February 12, 2019

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Published on: August 4, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

Published on: January 5, 2019

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR

Published on: February 12, 2019

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Published on: August 4, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Surface Science

Background:

The transparency of two-dimensional (2D) materials to intermolecular interactions remains poorly understood.
Controlling interactions through 2D materials is crucial for advanced material fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the factors governing remote atomic interactions through 2D materials.
To demonstrate the controlled epitaxial growth of crystalline materials using 2D interlayers.

Main Methods:

Investigated the screening and penetration of atomic potentials through graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers.
Examined the influence of atomic bond polarity (covalent vs. ionic) on interaction transparency.
Utilized 2D materials as interlayers for epitaxial growth of various single-crystalline materials.

Main Results:

Remote atomic interactions are governed by the binding nature (polarity) of atomic bonds in substrates and interlayers.
Graphene effectively screens covalent-bonded material potentials but allows ionic-bonded material potentials to penetrate.
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) attenuates field penetration due to its own bond polarization.
Epitaxial growth of diverse single-crystalline materials on 2D-coated substrates was achieved by controlling transparency and interlayer thickness.

Conclusions:

The polarity of atomic bonds dictates the transparency of 2D materials to intermolecular forces.
This understanding enables precise control over epitaxial growth, allowing for the fabrication of novel heterostructures.
Released epitaxial films offer new avenues for integrating arbitrary single-crystalline thin films in functional devices.