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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
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Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing
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Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

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The Leptin Resistance.

Jiarui Liu1,2,3,4, Xiaoning Yang1, Siwang Yu5

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leptin resistance, common in obesity, impairs the brain's response to leptin, leading to increased appetite and metabolic disorders. Understanding novel mechanisms is key for developing new obesity treatments.

Keywords:
LeptinLeptin resistanceLeptin-associated diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Leptin, an adipocyte hormone, regulates energy balance via neural and humoral pathways.
  • Leptin targets brain regions like the hypothalamus to control appetite, energy expenditure, and metabolism.
  • Elevated leptin levels indicate leptin resistance, a condition prevalent in obesity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and controversies surrounding leptin resistance.
  • To explore novel mechanisms contributing to leptin resistance.
  • To discuss leptin resistance in the context of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of leptin action.
  • Examination of clinical implications and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Leptin resistance reduces the brain's sensitivity to leptin, impairing appetite suppression and energy expenditure.
  • This resistance contributes to increased food intake, overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular issues.
  • Emerging evidence highlights new pathways involved in leptin resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Leptin resistance presents a significant challenge in obesity treatment and drug discovery.
  • A comprehensive understanding of leptin's role is crucial for developing effective strategies.
  • Further research into novel mechanisms may unlock new therapeutic avenues for obesity and metabolic diseases.