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Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

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The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
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SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

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11.9K
An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
11.9K
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

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11.8K
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
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The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2).

Wolf E Mehling1,2, Michael Acree2, Anita Stewart3

  • 1University of California San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.

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The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2 (MAIA-2) enhances interoceptive awareness measurement. This revised 37-item questionnaire shows improved reliability for mental health and mind-body intervention research.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Interoception, sensing internal body signals, is crucial for mental health and mind-body interventions.
  • Interoceptive awareness, the conscious perception of interoception, is measured by the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA).
  • Previous versions of the MAIA showed low reliability in two scales, necessitating an update.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the psychometric properties of the MAIA questionnaire.
  • To enhance the reliability and validity of scales measuring interoceptive awareness.
  • To develop an updated version of the MAIA (MAIA-2) with improved internal consistency.

Main Methods:

  • Six new items were added to the two scales with low reliability.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on data from 1,090 museum visitors.
  • Psychometric properties, including internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and model fit indices, were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Five of the six added items were incorporated into the revised MAIA-2 (37 items).
  • The 8-factor model of the MAIA-2 demonstrated good fit indices (RMSEA = 0.055, SRMR = 0.064).
  • The MAIA-2 exhibited improved internal consistency reliability compared to the previous version.

Conclusions:

  • The revised 37-item MAIA-2 offers a psychometrically improved measure of interoceptive awareness.
  • MAIA-2 is suitable for research in mental health, mind-body interventions, and clinical psychology.
  • The MAIA-2 is publicly available for research use.