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The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure
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Current fossil fuel infrastructure does not yet commit us to 1.5 °C warming.

Christopher J Smith1, Piers M Forster2, Myles Allen3,4

  • 1Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. C.J.Smith1@leeds.ac.uk.

Nature Communications
|January 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Committed warming from existing fossil fuel infrastructure can be limited. Phasing out carbon-intensive assets by 2018 offers a 64% chance to stay below 1.5°C global warming.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Committed warming, driven by historical emissions and climate system inertia, projects future temperature increases.
  • Current definitions often assume abrupt emission halts, which are socioeconomically unrealistic.
  • Focusing on committed warming from present-day fossil fuel assets is crucial for actionable climate policy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the likelihood of remaining below the 1.5°C warming threshold based on the retirement of existing fossil fuel infrastructure.
  • To evaluate the impact of delayed mitigation actions on achieving the 1.5°C target.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling committed warming from present-day fossil fuel assets.
  • Analyzing the impact of phasing out carbon-intensive infrastructure at the end of its design lifetime (from end of 2018).
  • Simulating scenarios with delayed mitigation (until 2030) and accelerated fossil fuel retirement.

Main Results:

  • Phasing out carbon-intensive infrastructure by the end of 2018 presents a 64% probability of peak global mean temperature rise staying below 1.5°C.
  • Delaying mitigation efforts until 2030 significantly diminishes the probability of achieving the 1.5°C target, even with accelerated fossil fuel asset retirement.

Conclusions:

  • The 1.5°C target, while challenging under the Paris Agreement, remains attainable.
  • Ambitious and immediate emission reductions across all sectors are essential to meet the 1.5°C goal.
  • Strategic retirement of existing fossil fuel infrastructure is a key factor in limiting committed warming.