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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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The Origin of Illusory Correlations.

Helen M Ernst1, Beatrice G Kuhlmann2, Tobias Vogel3

  • 11 Department of Educational Science, University of Freiburg, Germany.

Experimental Psychology
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Illusory correlations (ICs) occur when people perceive a relationship between two unrelated binary variables, especially their infrequent occurrences. This study finds illusory correlations stem from ad hoc inferences, not memory advantages for distinct events.

Keywords:
illusory correlationinductive inferencememorymultinomial modellingpseudocontingencies

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Illusory correlations (ICs) are systematic, erroneous perceptions of relationships between variables.
  • These errors often involve associating infrequent events or attributes, potentially explaining phenomena like stereotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of illusory correlations (ICs).
  • To differentiate between the distinctiveness-based memory account and the ad hoc inference account of ICs.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments employed a standard IC paradigm.
  • Participants completed contingency judgment and trial-by-trial source assignment tasks.
  • Bayesian-hierarchical modeling analyzed the data.

Main Results:

  • ICs in contingency judgments correlated positively with ad hoc inferences.
  • ICs were uncorrelated with exemplar memory performance.
  • Enhancing memory for distinct events did not increase ICs.

Conclusions:

  • Results support the ad hoc inference explanation for ICs.
  • The findings suggest ICs arise from reasoning based on base rates rather than memory biases for distinctive combinations.