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Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system, responsible for sensing, integrating, and responding to various stimuli, is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two functional divisions: the sensory or afferent division and the motor or efferent division.
The sensory division transmits information from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. It provides the CNS with knowledge about somatic senses (such as tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations)...

Sympathetic Division of the ANS

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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function.
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

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Published on: September 25, 2020

Demonstration of Athena X-IFU Compatible 40-Row Time-Division-Multiplexed Readout.

M Durkin¹, J S Adams², S R Bandler²

¹National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity : a Publication of the IEEE Superconductivity Committee

|June 5, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a key readout technology for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on ESA's Athena mission. Demonstrated 40-row TDM readout meets X-IFU energy resolution requirements, paving the way for kilopixel TES arrays.

Keywords:

Athena satellite multiplexed readout superconducting quantum interference devices transition-edge sensors

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Area of Science:

Astrophysics
Instrumentation
Sensor Technology

Background:

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) requires advanced readout technology for its Transition Edge Sensor (TES) array.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is being considered as a backup readout technology for the X-IFU, with multiplexing factors up to 40.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of 40-row TDM readout for X-IFU-like TESs.
To assess if the demonstrated energy resolution meets the X-IFU mission requirements.

Main Methods:

Utilized 40-row TDM readout (including repeated rows) with TESs matching X-IFU specifications.
Conducted single-column and three-column TDM measurements across various X-ray energies (1.5–11.9 keV).
Analyzed measurement parameters within the specified ranges for X-IFU.

Main Results:

Achieved best-fit energy resolutions as low as 1.91 eV for Al Kα and up to 3.44 eV for Br Kα in single-column measurements.
Obtained resolutions of 2.03 eV for Ti Kα and 2.40 eV for Co Kα in three-column measurements.
Reported a minor degradation in energy resolution (0.1–0.5 eV) due to multiplexed readout, which remains within X-IFU requirements.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated 40-row TDM readout performance satisfies the X-IFU's energy resolution and energy range specifications.
This validates TDM as a viable readout technology for future kilopixel TES arrays for space missions.
Further development is underway for true 40-row TDM readout without repeated rows.