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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
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DC Battery01:21

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A conductor needs to be a component of a path that creates a closed loop or full circuit to have a continuous current flowing through it. A current starts to flow if an electric field is created inside an isolated conductor that is not part of a full circuit. The conductor quickly develops a net positive charge at one end and a net negative charge at the other. These charges generate an electric field opposite the direction of the applied electric field, which reduces the current. Eventually,...
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Household Wiring And Electrical Safety01:13

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Companies that supply power to most modern households use three conductors, typically called a three-wire line. While one is neutral, the other two are both at 120 V but with opposite polarity, giving a voltage of 240 V between them. With a three-wire line, high-power appliances that require 240 V, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers, are linked between the two hot lines. 120 V appliances can be connected between the neutral and either of the hot lines. The neutral side, which is always...
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Magnetic Field Due To A Thin Straight Wire01:28

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Consider an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field at point P at a distance a from the origin can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires01:18

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Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Surgical Implant Procedure and Wiring Configuration for Continuous Long-Term EEG/ECG Monitoring in Rabbits
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A Battery-Less Portable ECG Monitoring System With Wired Audio Transmission.

Lianxi Liu, Lei He, Yi Zhang

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |June 22, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a batteryless electrocardiogram (ECG) system using audio transmission for real-time monitoring. It enables long-term ECG analysis without external batteries or complex modules.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Integrated Circuit Design
    • Wearable Technology

    Background:

    • Long-term and real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is crucial for cardiac health management.
    • Existing systems often require bulky batteries and complex external modules, limiting usability.
    • Efficient and low-power ECG monitoring solutions are needed for widespread adoption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a batteryless ECG monitoring chip and intelligent system.
    • To enable real-time ECG monitoring using wired audio transmission.
    • To eliminate the need for external batteries, local oscillators, and complex modules.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a batteryless ECG chip with wired audio transmission via a 3.5-mm headphone cable.
    • Implemented a chopper/amplitude modulation (AM) reused mixer amplifier for signal processing.
    • Utilized smart device audio analog-to-digital converters and internal software for signal sampling and processing.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed system achieves a closed-loop gain between 20 and 47 dB, automatically adjustable.
    • The chip, fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS process, consumes 156 μW and outputs a 1.5-V DC supply.
    • Verified system performance with input reference noise of 2.12 μVrms (0.1-200 Hz) and total harmonic distortion of 0.56%@3 mV.

    Conclusions:

    • The batteryless ECG system effectively transmits and processes cardiac signals using existing audio infrastructure.
    • This innovation offers a low-power, cost-effective solution for continuous ECG monitoring.
    • The system demonstrates potential for improved accessibility and convenience in remote and long-term patient monitoring.