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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Voltage and current measurements using a standard voltmeter and ammeter alter the circuit being measured either by drawing or resisting the current flow, which introduces uncertainties in the measurements. Null measurements balance the voltages so that no current flows through the measuring device and, therefore, no alterations occur in the measured circuit.
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

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Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
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Electromotive Force02:36

Electromotive Force

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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
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A Galvanic Cell With a Low Emf-Temperature Coefficient.

Gerald N Roberts1, Walter J Hamer1

  • 1Institute for Basic Standards, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry
|December 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a modified cadmium sulfate standard cell with a unique anode and electrolyte. The modified cell exhibits a significantly more favorable emf-temperature coefficient compared to conventional cells.

Keywords:
Double saltcell with low temperature coefficientgalvanic cellsstandard cells

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Standard cells are crucial for accurate voltage measurements.
  • Conventional cadmium sulfate cells have limitations in temperature coefficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modified cadmium sulfate standard cell with improved temperature stability.
  • To characterize the electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of the modified cell.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Vosburgh-type cadmium sulfate cell with a tertiary amalgam anode (11.2% Bi, 8.4% Cd).
  • Added CdSO4 · Na2SO4 · 2H2O double salt to the electrolyte and as crystals over electrodes.
  • Measured electromotive force (emf) as a function of temperature.

Main Results:

  • The modified cell demonstrated a positive emf-temperature coefficient of +13.5 μV/°C at 25 °C.
  • This contrasts sharply with the conventional cell's negative coefficient of -49.4 μV/°C.
  • Data on emf-temperature hysteresis, Gibbs energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes were provided.

Conclusions:

  • The modified cadmium sulfate standard cell offers superior performance regarding temperature dependence.
  • The cell's thermodynamic properties were thoroughly investigated across a relevant temperature range.