Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vector Algebra: Method of Components01:08

Vector Algebra: Method of Components

18.6K
It is cumbersome to find the magnitudes of vectors using the parallelogram rule or using the graphical method to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. There are two ways to circumvent this algebraic complexity. One way is to draw the vectors to scale, as in navigation, and read approximate vector lengths and angles (directions) from the graphs. The other way is to use the method of components.
In many applications, the magnitudes and directions of...
18.6K
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

51.3K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
51.3K
Gauss's Law01:07

Gauss's Law

9.2K
If a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then the electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. What happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss's law gives a quantitative answer to this question.
9.2K
Vector Algebra: Graphical Method01:10

Vector Algebra: Graphical Method

16.5K
Vectors can be multiplied by scalars, added to other vectors, or subtracted from other vectors. The vector sum of two (or more) vectors is called the resultant vector or, for short, the resultant.
We use the laws of geometry to construct resultant vectors, followed by trigonometry to find vector magnitudes and directions. For a geometric construction of the sum of two vectors in a plane, we follow the parallelogram rule. Suppose two vectors are at arbitrary positions. Translate either one of...
16.5K
Magnetic Vector Potential01:15

Magnetic Vector Potential

1.4K
In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...
1.4K
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

32.7K
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
32.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Emergent Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless deconfinement in super-Coulombic plasmas.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Quantum Phases and Transitions of Bosons on a Comb Lattice.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Tattered Membranes and Constrained Magnets.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Coulomb universality.

Physical review. E·2024
Same author

Fracton Self-Statistics.

Physical review letters·2024
Same author

Superfluid Edge Dislocation: Transverse Quantum Fluid.

Physical review letters·2023
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.0K

Fractons from Vector Gauge Theory.

Leo Radzihovsky1, Michael Hermele1

  • 1Department of Physics and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|February 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers describe fracton phases using coupled vector U(1) gauge theories, revealing how unusual Gauss laws create restricted mobility. This work introduces new lattice models for fractonic topological defects in quantum crystals.

More Related Videos

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.6K
Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.0K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.6K
Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Topological Phases of Matter

Background:

  • Fractonic topological defects are predicted in quantum crystals.
  • Understanding fracton phases requires novel theoretical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a description of fracton phases using coupled vector U(1) gauge theories.
  • To explain the emergence of fracton order and restricted mobility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a reformulated elasticity duality.
  • Derived a description in terms of coupled vector U(1) gauge theories.
  • Constructed corresponding lattice models and generalizations.

Main Results:

  • Fracton order and restricted mobility arise from an unusual Gauss law.
  • The vector gauge theory reduces to the fractonic symmetric tensor gauge theory at low energies.
  • Fracton phases are realized via condensation of stringlike excitations.

Conclusions:

  • The derived vector U(1) gauge theory provides a new framework for understanding fracton phases.
  • The lattice models offer a pathway for realizing and studying fractonic topological defects.
  • This work connects elasticity duality to fracton physics and string condensation mechanisms.