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Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays
Published on: March 29, 2022
[Sea bathing dangers: marine envenoming, trauma, and infections]
1Service de médecine tropicale et humanitaire, HUG, 1211 Genève 14.
Abstract:
Sea bathing is often a priority activity for travelers, with widely recognized health benefits. The dangers, in contrast, are underestimated, especially in tropical seas. We describe the scope of marine envenoming, trauma, and infections, representing 1-3 % of tropical and travel medicine consultations in the literature. Our review includes the eco-epidemiology, clinical approach, and prevention of envenoming by invertebrates (jellyfish, anemone, sea-urchin, starfish, octopus, sea cone) and some vertebrates (stingrays, stone fish, snakes). We include penetrating trauma (by stingray, stonefish, sea urchin, coral) and infections (mycobacteria, marine bacteria). Eating-related dangers (ciguatera, fugu, parasites) are not described here. We also present antidotes, antivenoms, and first-aid.
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