Nb-MCM-Type Mesoporous Material Synthesis Using Ionic Solid as Structure-Directing Agent for In Situ Lipase Immobilization

MCM-41 and MCM-48 with niobium were successfully synthesized using 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₁₄MI]Cl) as a structure-directing agent. The best Si/Nb molar ratio was chosen (Si/Nb = 20) and the CALB enzyme was immobilized in situ in the synthesized Nb-MCM. SEM micrographs showed the formation of very regular spherical agglomerates with a diameter between 0.25 and 0.75 μm. The material presented a surface area of 954 and 704 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.321 and 0.286 cm³/g, for Nb-MCM-41 and Nb-MCM-48, respectively. Also, both materials showed a pore size of 2.261 nm. The number of recycles obtained for the CALB enzyme immobilized in Nb-MCM-41 and Nb-MCM-48 was 26 recycles with a residual activity of 49.62% and 16 recycles with a residual activity of 53.01%, respectively. For both materials, enzymatic activity remained stable for 5 months of storage at room temperature and refrigeration. The supports were able to catalyze the esterification reaction at 40, 60, and 80 °C, showing industrial application in reactions that require high temperatures. This methodology allows the preparation of new highly active and selective enzyme catalysts using niobium and [C₁₄MI]Cl. Also, the new materials can provide greater viability in processes, ensuring a longer service life of catalysts. Graphical abstract.