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Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Author Spotlight: Improving Beef Cattle Nutrition and Production with a Focus on Feed Efficiency and Meat Quality Traits Through Advanced Biochemical and Molecular Assays
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Amino Acids in Beef Cattle Nutrition and Production.

Werner G Bergen1

  • 1Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. bergewg@auburn.edu.

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Determining ruminant amino acid requirements evolved from growth studies to complex computer models. Expert systems now predict nutrient needs for beef cattle, overcoming limitations of direct feeding trials.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Animal Nutrition
  • Ruminant Physiology
  • Nutrient Metabolism

Background:

  • Proteins and amino acids are essential dietary components for animals.
  • Early nutritional studies focused on protein quality and individual amino acid requirements, primarily in non-ruminants.
  • Direct protein and amino acid feeding studies were challenging in ruminants like cattle and sheep.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of understanding amino acid nutrition in ruminants.
  • To highlight the limitations of traditional methods in determining ruminant amino acid requirements.
  • To introduce the advancement of computer-based expert systems for predicting ruminant nutritional needs.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of protein and amino acid research in animal nutrition.
  • Analysis of methodologies for assessing nutritional status, including plasma amino acid profiling and protein turnover studies.
  • Development and application of expert systems for nutritional modeling.

Main Results:

  • Plasma amino acid analysis proved useful in non-ruminants but limited for beef cattle nutritional adequacy.
  • Significant insights were gained in dairy cows through amino acid studies, intestinal transport, and peptide metabolism research.
  • Expert systems integrating animal and ruminal metabolism data became crucial for predicting beef cattle amino acid requirements by the 1990s.

Conclusions:

  • Direct empirical determination of amino acid requirements remains difficult in beef cattle.
  • Computer-based expert systems represent a significant advancement in predicting the nutritional needs of growing beef cattle.
  • These systems integrate complex metabolic data to optimize animal performance and nutrient utilization.