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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Effects of 20-Minute Intensive Exercise on Subjects with Different Working Memory Bases.

Weixiang Qin¹, S Kojima², S Morishita²

¹Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan. hwd19005@nuhw.ac.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|May 9, 2021

Summary

Moderate aerobic exercise benefits working memory (WM). This study found that individuals with slower pre-exercise WM performance showed significant improvements after exercise, unlike faster individuals, indicating exercise

Keywords:

Moderate-intensity exercise Near-infrared spectroscopy Oxyhemoglobin Prefrontal cortex Two-back test Working memory

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Exercise Physiology

Background:

Continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is known to enhance cognitive functions, particularly working memory (WM).
Individual differences in pre-exercise cognitive function may influence the response to exercise interventions.
Understanding these differences can optimize exercise protocols for cognitive enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how pre-existing working memory (WM) performance affects the cognitive benefits of aerobic exercise.
To examine the relationship between changes in prefrontal cortex oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) levels and WM performance following exercise.
To differentiate the effects of exercise on WM based on individual baseline WM capacity.

Main Methods:

12 healthy adult males underwent a 20-minute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session (50% maximal oxygen consumption).
Working memory (WM) was assessed using a two-back test measuring reaction times pre- and post-exercise.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitored oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) concentration in the left prefrontal cortex.
Participants were categorized into fast (FG) and slow (SG) groups based on pre-exercise reaction times.

Main Results:

The slow group (SG) exhibited a significant decrease in reaction time post-exercise, indicating improved WM performance.
The fast group (FG) showed no significant change in reaction time.
The time-to-peak O2Hb was significantly shorter in the fast group (FG) compared to the slow group (SG).

Conclusions:

Aerobic exercise confers greater working memory (WM) benefits for individuals with initially slower cognitive processing speeds.
Differences in prefrontal cortex oxygenation dynamics (O2Hb changes) may underlie the varied responses to exercise between individuals with different WM capacities.
Exercise interventions targeting cognitive enhancement should consider baseline cognitive function for personalized efficacy.